These have probably been brought up a few times already on Formiculture, but since I noticed many new ant keepers have basically no knowledge on IDing ants or (more importantly) about their anatomy. I'll just bump these links up.
The Ant anatomy is very confusing at first, but I suggest getting a few books on ants, they usually provide the more basic terms to work your way up to getting to know the complete ant anatomy:
Ants of North America: A Guide to the Genera Gives a complete key to the Genera. I highly suggest bringing this to the field.
A Field Guide to the Ants of New England Describes the ants of New England and how to ID them. Can still be very useful for learning the anatomy if you are not in New England.
The first book I described already has a complete guide, but here are some keys. They use dichotomous keys, which can be fairly confusing to use at first but easy to get the hang of. Once you find the Subfamily, it gives a link to their genera. Once you find the genera, it gives a link to the species keys. AntWiki is a great tool for IDing.
Key to the Subfamilies of North America
Edited by Nathant2131, February 18 2017 - 7:16 AM.