I think it depends greatly as to which methodology is best for colony limitation. Certainly, if the colony is already at a substantial size, they can happily handle fluctuations in food and will accommodate the colony to that. This is what they would be forced to do in the wild. Obviously, this isn't going to apply to anything beyond generalist spp. and it will be specific to the species even in that case. Desert spp. routinely deal with food droughts, and will likely survive them. Ants from a rainforest probably wouldn't handle the situation so well.
It's probably best to provide unlimited carbohydrates and just limit protein intake. This way, no adult ant will starve, but you can indirectly control how many new workers are being born into the colony. Not sure how this would play out in ants that are more reliant on larvae for food processing though, they may collapse with this method.
TL;DR: Every species is going to need an individualistic approach to colony size limitation.
Currently Keeping:
Trachymyrmex septentrionalis
Pheidole pilifera
Forelius sp. (Monogynous, bicolored) "Midwestern Forelius"
Crematogaster cerasi
Pheidole bicarinata
Aphaenogaster rudis
Camponotus chromaiodes
Formica sp. (microgena species)
Nylanderia cf. arenivega